Chapter 11 Review
Key Terms
henry (H)
unit of inductance,
; it is also expressed as a volt second per ampere
inductance
property of a device that tells how effectively it induces an emf in another device
inductive time constant
denoted by
, the characteristic time given by quantity
of a particular series
circuit
inductor
part of an electrical circuit to provide self-inductance, which is symbolized by a coil of wire
LC circuit
circuit composed of an ac source, inductor, and capacitor
magnetic energy density
energy stored per volume in a magnetic field
mutual inductance
geometric quantity that expresses how effective two devices are at inducing emfs in one another
RLC circuit
circuit with an ac source, resistor, inductor, and capacitor all in series.
self-inductance
effect of the device inducing emf in itself
Key Equations
Mutual inductance by flux | |
Mutual inductance in circuits | |
Self-inductance in terms of magnetic flux | |
Self-inductance in terms of emf | |
Self-inductance of a solenoid | |
Self-inductance of a toroid | |
Energy stored in an inductor | |
Current as a function of time for a RL circuit | |
Time constant for a RL circuit | |
Charge oscillation in LC circuits | |
Angular frequency in LC circuits | |
Current oscillations in LC circuits | |
Charge as a function of time in RLC circuit | |
Angular frequency in RLC circuit |
Summary
11.1 Mutual Inductance
- Inductance is the property of a device that expresses how effectively it induces an emf in another device.
- Mutual inductance is the effect of two devices inducing emfs in each other.
- A change in current
in one circuit induces an emf
in the second:
- where
is defined to be the mutual inductance between the two circuits and the minus sign is due to Lenz’s law.
- Symmetrically, a change in current
through the second circuit induces an emf
in the first:
where
is the same mutual inductance as in the reverse process.
11.2 Self-Inductance and Inductors
- Current changes in a device induce an emf in the device itself, called self-inductance,
- where
is the self-inductance of the inductor and
is the rate of change of current through it. The minus sign indicates that emf opposes the change in current, as required by Lenz’s law. The unit of self-inductance and inductance is the henry (
), where
- The self-inductance of a solenoid is
- where
is its number of turns in the solenoid,
is its cross-sectional area,
is its length, and
is the permeability of free space.
- The self-inductance of a toroid is
- where
is its number of turns in the toroid,
and
are the inner and outer radii of the toroid,
is the height of the toroid, and
is the permeability of free space.
11.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field
- The energy stored in an inductor
is
- The self-inductance per unit length of coaxial cable is
11.4 RL Circuits
- When a series connection of a resistor and an inductor—an
circuit—is connected to a voltage source, the time variation of the current is
- (turning on),where the initial current is
- The characteristic time constant
is
where
is the inductance and
is the resistance.
- In the first time constant
the current rises from zero to
and to
of the remainder in every subsequent time interval
- When the inductor is shorted through a resistor, current decreases as
Current falls to
in the first time interval
and to
of the remainder toward zero in each subsequent time
11.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit
- The energy transferred in an oscillatory manner between the capacitor and inductor in an
circuit occurs at an angular frequency
- The charge and current in the circuit are given by
11.6 RLC Series Circuits
- The underdamped solution for the capacitor charge in an
circuit is
The angular frequency given in the underdamped solution for the
circuit is
Answers to Check Your Understanding
11.1
11.2 a. decreasing; b. increasing; Since the current flows in the opposite direction of the diagram, in order to get a positive emf on the left-hand side of diagram (a), we need to decrease the current to the left, which creates a reinforced emf where the positive end is on the left-hand side. To get a positive emf on the right-hand side of diagram (b), we need to increase the current to the left, which creates a reinforced emf where the positive end is on the right-hand side.
11.3
11.4 a.
; b.
11.5 a.
b.
11.6
11.8 a.
; b.
; c.
11.10 a.
; b.
or
; c.
11.11 a. overdamped; b.
Conceptual Questions
11.1 Mutual Inductance
1. Show that
and
which are both expressions for self-inductance, have the same units.
2. A
inductor carries a current of
Describe how a
emf can be induced across it.
3. The ignition circuit of an automobile is powered by a
battery. How are we able to generate large voltages with this power source?
4. When the current through a large inductor is interrupted with a switch, an arc appears across the open terminals of the switch. Explain.
11.2 Self-Inductance and Inductors
5. Does self-inductance depend on the value of the magnetic flux? Does it depend on the current through the wire? Correlate your answers with the equation
6. Would the self-inductance of a
long, tightly wound solenoid differ from the self-inductance per meter of an infinite, but otherwise identical, solenoid?
7. Discuss how you might determine the self-inductance per unit length of a long, straight wire.
8. The self-inductance of a coil is zero if there is no current passing through the windings. True or false?
9. How does the self-inductance per unit length near the centre of a solenoid (away from the ends) compare with its value near the end of the solenoid?
11.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field
10. Show that
has units of energy.
11.4 RL Circuits
11. Use Lenz’s law to explain why the initial current in the
circuit of Figure 11.4.1(b) is zero.
12. When the current in the
circuit of Figure 11.4.1(b) reaches its final value
what is the voltage across the inductor? Across the resistor?
13. Does the time required for the current in an
circuit to reach any fraction of its steady-state value depend on the emf of the battery?
14. An inductor is connected across the terminals of a battery. Does the current that eventually flows through the inductor depend on the internal resistance of the battery? Does the time required for the current to reach its final value depend on this resistance?
15. At what time is the voltage across the inductor of the
circuit of Figure 14.12(b) a maximum?
16. In the simple
circuit of Figure 11.4.1(b), can the emf induced across the inductor ever be greater than the emf of the battery used to produce the current?
17. If the emf of the battery of Figure 11.4.1(b) is reduced by a factor of
by how much does the steady-state energy stored in the magnetic field of the inductor change?
18. A steady current flows through a circuit with a large inductive time constant. When a switch in the circuit is opened, a large spark occurs across the terminals of the switch. Explain.
19. Describe how the currents through
and
shown below vary with time after switch
is closed.

20. Discuss possible practical applications of
circuits.
11.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit
21. Do Kirchhoff’s rules apply to circuits that contain inductors and capacitors?
22. Can a circuit element have both capacitance and inductance?
23. In an
circuit, what determines the frequency and the amplitude of the energy oscillations in either the inductor or capacitor?
11.6 RLC Series Circuits
24. When a wire is connected between the two ends of a solenoid, the resulting circuit can oscillate like an
circuit. Describe what causes the capacitance in this circuit.
25. Describe what effect the resistance of the connecting wires has on an oscillating
circuit.
26. Suppose you wanted to design an
circuit with