All Tutorials

I remember in college hearing something about sourcing and sinking in a circuit and being very confused as I’d never heard of it before. Let’s try and avoid you having the same ...

Have you ever heard reference to an “Open collector” or “Open drain” output when referring to an integrated circuit or a microcontroller? Have you ever wondered why the GPIO on ...

Inter-Integrated Circuit Protocol (I2C or IIC) is a serial, synchronous, multi-master, board-to-board, half-duplex communication protocol. As the name suggests, it is mainly used ...

Digital systems are about sharing and storing information in the form of 1’s and 0’s. To share this information with multiple devices that have different architectures, we need a ...

Hello! This is the second part of the tutorial devoted to the analog comparators of the RA2A1 family. In the first part, we learned how to use the high-speed analog comparator for ...

Hi there! RA2A1 family, as I mentioned in the first tutorial, claims to have a rich analog peripheral, which includes: One unit of the 16-bit SAR ADC which has up to 17 ...

Hi again! In this part we’ll mainly put MCUboot aside and will talk about the built-in bootloader which is present in all RA MCUs. This bootloader can operate via either UART or ...

Hello again! In this part we consider the last (but not the least) MCUboot mode. In the first part we considered the Overwrite Only mode, in the second part we considered the Swap ...

Hello again! This is the second part of the tutorial devoted to the MCUboot bootloader. In the previous part we considered what this bootloader is, created the bootloader ...

Hello again! I was asked to write this tutorial prior to the other ones as this topic is quite popular according to how many questions are related to this topic on the Renesas ...

Most of the time, resistor networks can be easily simplified by combining the series and parallel arrangement of resistors. But sometimes the resistors are neither in series nor ...

Finally the time has come to do some practical work. So please assemble the system according to figure 4 of part 1. The difficulty may happen with attaching the DS18B20 sensor to ...

Complex numbers are constituents of a number system that extend the real numbers with a specific element denoted i, called the imaginary unit.

Hi! Welcome back again to CircuitBread. In our previous tutorial, we discussed the RL78 timer array unit (TAU), created a microsecond delay function delay_us(), and created a ...

Hi! Welcome back again to CircuitBread. In our previous tutorial, we discussed the RL78 12-bit interval timer and created a millisecond delay function, delay_ms(). In this ...